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Medical Tourism to Vietnam

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Vietnam is an emerging medical ‎travel destination in Asia. ‎Its main advantages are competitive prices, an expanding group of ‎internationally accredited hospitals, ‎experienced specialists, and well-developed tourism ‎infrastructure.
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The strongest options for international ‎patients are ‎concentrated in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, with additional private hospitals and specialist ‎clinics in Da ‎Nang, Nha Trang and other major destinations. Vietnam is especially attractive for dental ‎care, health ‎screening, fertility treatment, eye surgery, cosmetic procedures and selected orthopedic, ‎cardiac and ‎cancer services.
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Vietnam is not yet as mature or ‎consistent a medical ‎tourism hub as Thailand, Singapore or Malaysia. Quality, English-language ‎support, package ‎transparency and aftercare coordination vary significantly between facilities. Patients ‎should therefore ‎choose the exact hospital, doctor and treatment pathway - not Vietnam as a ‎destination in ‎general.

Vietnam's Healthcare System

Vietnam has a mixed public and private healthcare ‎system.
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Large public and university hospitals provide much of the ‎country's complex and highly ‎specialized care. Many senior Vietnamese doctors work in these ‎hospitals, and some also ‎consult in private facilities. Public hospitals can be busy, however, and the ‎experience may ‎involve longer waits, shared rooms and limited English-language ‎coordination.‎
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For most international patients,‎ established private or ‎international hospitals are more practical. ‎They are more likely to offer English-speaking coordinators, ‎interpreters, private rooms, ‎itemized estimates, cashless arrangements with selected insurers and ‎support before arrival ‎and after discharge.‎
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All hospitals and clinics must be licensed by the Ministry ‎of Health or the relevant local health ‎authority. Vietnam also uses national hospital quality criteria, ‎commonly known as the 83 ‎Quality Criteria, covering patient care, professional practice, workforce ‎development and ‎quality improvement.[2]
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In January 2026, a Ministry of Health appraisal meeting ‎reported that Vietnam had nine JCI-‎accredited medical examination and treatment facilities, including ‎eight hospitals and one ‎outpatient clinic. Only one of the accredited hospitals was ‎public.[1] JCI status is time-limited ‎and may apply to a specific facility or scope, so ‎patients should verify the current certificate in ‎the official JCI directory before booking.‎

Leading Hospitals for International ‎Patients in Vietnam

The following are established hospitals that frequently ‎serve foreign patients. This is not a ‎ranking, and accreditation or group membership should never ‎replace verification of the ‎treating doctor's experience.‎
    ‎‎
  • Vinmec Times City International‎ – Hanoi‎‎
    Vinmec Times City is a private academic medical center ‎and the first hospital in Vietnam to be ‎accredited under JCI's Academic Medical Center standards. It ‎has also reported international ‎specialty accreditations in areas including cardiology, laboratory ‎medicine and assisted ‎reproduction.[3] The hospital is part of the Vinmec network and offers ‎international patient ‎coordination across a broad range of specialties.‎
  • Vinmec Central Park International Hospital - Ho Chi Minh ‎City‎‎
    Vinmec Central Park is a JCI-‎accredited ‎private general hospital with services in cardiology, oncology, orthopedics,‎ neurology, ‎pediatrics, maternity and other specialties. Vinmec promotes medical tourism services, ‎interpreter support and coordination for international patients. [4]
  • FV Hospital - Ho Chi Minh City‎‎
    FV is a private multidisciplinary hospital with a long-‎established international patient service. Its ‎main areas include cardiology, oncology, orthopedics, ‎ophthalmology, maternity, general ‎surgery and preventive medicine. FV completed its fourth ‎consecutive JCI accreditation in ‎‎2025.[5]
  • American International Hospital - Ho Chi Minh City‎‎
    American International Hospital, commonly known as ‎AIH, is a private multidisciplinary hospital ‎serving Vietnamese and international patients. It completed ‎its second JCI accreditation survey ‎in ‎2025 and has worked with Johns Hopkins Medicine International ‎on clinical‎ quality and ‎service standards.‎[6]
  • University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City‎‎
    This major public academic hospital is known for complex ‎specialist treatment and receives ‎patients from many countries, particularly neighboring Cambodia and ‎Laos. It can be a strong ‎clinical option, but international patients should confirm language support,‎ room ‎type, payment ‎arrangements and the responsible consultant before travelling.‎
  • Hanoi French Hospital - Hanoi‎‎
    Hanoi French Hospital is a private international hospital ‎offering medical and surgical care, ‎maternity services,‎ diagnostics and health-check packages. It ‎provides English- and French-‎language support and publishes prices for a range of preventive health ‎packages.[9]
    ‎‎
    Other established providers include major public specialty ‎hospitals and private groups such as ‎Hoan My, Tam Anh and Hong Ngoc. The appropriate choice ‎depends on the diagnosis, ‎treating physician,‎ required intensive care, implant or device needs, and ‎expected follow-up.‎

Common Treatments for Medical ‎Tourists in Vietnam

  • Dental Treatment‎‎
    Dental care is one of Vietnam's strongest medical tourism ‎categories. Common treatments ‎include dental implants, crowns,‎ veneers, bridges, root canal ‎treatment, full-mouth ‎rehabilitation and cosmetic dentistry. International patients should confirm what ‎implant system ‎and prosthetic materials will be used, who will perform each stage, and how follow-up or ‎‎repairs will be handled after returning home.‎
  • ‎‎
  • Health Screening and Diagnostics‎‎
    Private hospitals offer fixed-price packages ranging from ‎basic laboratory screening to ‎executive programs that include imaging, cardiac tests, cancer screening ‎and specialist ‎consultations.‎ These packages can be convenient, but patients should avoid ‎unnecessary tests ‎and arrange a doctor-led review of the results.‎‎
  • ‎‎‎‎‎
  • Fertility Treatment‎‎
    Vietnam has a large assisted-reproduction sector offering ‎IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing and ‎related services. Patients should compare the clinic's success rates by ‎age group, laboratory ‎standards,‎ embryo-storage terms, medication costs and the legal rules that apply ‎to their family ‎situation. A low advertised cycle price may exclude medication, genetic testing, freezing, ‎‎storage or later embryo transfer.‎
  • ‎‎
  • Eye Surgery‎‎
    LASIK, Femto-LASIK, SMILE, cataract surgery and retinal ‎treatment are available in specialist ‎eye hospitals and multidisciplinary private hospitals. A complete ‎pre-operative eye assessment ‎is essential; not every patient is suitable for laser vision ‎correction.‎‎‎
  • ‎‎
  • Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery‎‎
    Popular procedures include rhinoplasty,‎ breast ‎augmentation, eyelid surgery, facelifts, ‎liposuction and body-contouring surgery. Cosmetic surgery ‎should be performed in a properly ‎licensed hospital or surgical facility with qualified anesthesia, ‎infection-control and emergency ‎capabilities - not simply the clinic with the lowest social-media ‎price.‎
  • ‎‎
  • Orthopedic and Spine Surgery‎‎
    Selected hospitals offer knee and hip replacement, ‎arthroscopy, sports-medicine procedures, ‎trauma surgery and spine treatment. For joint replacement, ‎patients should confirm the ‎surgeon's annual case volume, implant brand and model, rehabilitation plan, ‎infection data,‎ ‎thrombosis prevention and the expected time before flying.‎
  • ‎‎
  • Cardiology, Oncology and Complex Surgery‎‎
    Vietnam's leading tertiary hospitals provide cardiac ‎surgery, interventional cardiology, cancer ‎surgery,‎ radiotherapy, systemic cancer treatment and other ‎complex care. These treatments ‎require especially careful review of the multidisciplinary team, ‎intensive-care capability, ‎complication plan, blood-bank support and continuity of care at ‎home.‎

Cost of Medical Treatment in Vietnam

The following are indicative private or international-patient ‎price ranges in US dollars.‎ They are ‎planning figures, not quotations. Prices were checked against ‎published hospital, clinic and ‎market sources and converted at approximately VND 26,320 to US$1 and ‎GBP 1 to US$1.332 ‎on 25 July 2026.‎[9]-[19][24]‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎
Procedure Vietnam United States (‎Private/Self-‎Pay) United Kingdom (‎Private) Indicative ‎saving
Dental ‎ Implant - Single Tooth, ‎Implant, Abutment and Crown ‎$850-$1,400‎ ‎$3,000-$5,000‎ $3,200-$4,500‎ 55%-80%‎
LASIK ‎ or Femto-LASIK (both ‎eyes)‎ $800-$2,400‎‎ ‎$4,000-$6,000‎ ‎$4,000-$6,500‎‎ ‎40%-80%‎‎
IVF (one basic cycle) ‎$2,500-$4,500‎ ‎$12,000-$25,000‎ ‎$6,500-$10,000‎ ‎35%-85%‎
Total ‎Knee Replacement (one ‎knee) ‎$6,000-$10,000‎ ‎$20,000-$70,000‎ ‎$17,500-$27,000‎ ‎45%-85%‎
Coronary ‎Artery Bypass Surgery ‎$9,000-$20,000‎ ‎$70,000-$150,000‎ $35,000-$55,000‎ 45%-85%‎
Breast ‎ Augmentation ‎$2,000-$5,200‎ ‎$7,000-$12,000‎ $7,000-$10,000‎ ‎25%-75%‎
Comprehensive ‎or Executive ‎Health Check ‎$150-$2,500‎ ‎‎$1,000-$5,000‎ ‎$800-$3,500‎ ‎20%-80%‎
‎‎‎For commonly selected treatments, a realistic ‎planning range is often about 40%-70% below US private or self-pay prices and 25%-55% ‎below UK private prices. Savings may be smaller at premium‎ international hospitals, for ‎imported implants or medicines, or when a longer hospital stay is required.
‎What a written quote should ‎include
Before paying a deposit, ask for a written and itemized ‎quotation that states:‎
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  1. the named surgeon and facility‎‎
  2. consultations, tests and imaging ‎
  3. surgeon, assistant, anesthesia and facility fees
  4. implant, device, prosthesis or medication brand
  5. operating room, intensive care and expected hospital stay
  6. pathology, blood products and take-home medication
  7. interpreter and international patient services
  8. rehabilitation and scheduled follow-up
  9. exclusions, possible extra charges and payment deadlines
  10. the policy for complications, readmission,‎ revision or cancellation
  11. ‎‎
Flights, hotels and lost income should be included when ‎comparing the total cost with ‎treatment at home. Most standard travel insurance policies exclude ‎planned medical treatment, ‎and some exclude complications arising from elective care.‎‎‎

Medical Malpractice and Liability in ‎Vietnam

Vietnam's Law on Medical Examination and Treatment ‎‎2023, effective from 1 January 2024, ‎provides a process for determining whether a medical error ‎occurred. Article 102 states that a ‎medical establishment must compensate a patient for a medical ‎accident in accordance with ‎the law, except in specified non-fault situations. Article 103 addresses ‎professional liability ‎insurance in medical practice. [20]
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This means a legal route to compensation exists, but an ‎international patient should not ‎assume that a claim will be as easy, fast or valuable as a claim at ‎home. Disputes may require ‎review by a professional council, Vietnamese-language evidence, local ‎legal representation ‎and proceedings in Vietnam. Cross-border enforcement and follow-up can be ‎difficult.‎‎
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Before treatment, request:‎
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  1. ‎the facility's full licensed legal name and operating licence
  2. ‎the doctor's professional licence and relevant specialist credentials
  3. ‎a signed treatment plan and informed-consent documents in a language you understand
  4. ‎the hospital's professional liability insurance details
  5. ‎written complication, revision, refund and dispute-resolution terms
  6. ‎complete medical records, imaging and discharge documents in English
  7. ‎confirmation of which country's law and which forum govern the agreement.‎‎
For major or elective treatment,‎ independent legal advice ‎and medical-complications insurance ‎may be worthwhile.‎ This section is general information and is not ‎legal advice.‎

Pros

  • Competitive treatment prices

    Vietnam can offer substantial savings,‎ particularly for ‎dentistry, health screening, fertility care, ‎eye surgery,‎ cosmetic procedures and selected ‎operations.‎
  • A growing internationally accredited sector

    The number of JCI-accredited facilities is higher than ‎many older medical tourism guides report. ‎Leading hospitals are also developing international clinical ‎collaborations and specialty ‎accreditations.‎[1][3]-[6]‎‎
  • Experienced specialists

    Vietnam has highly experienced doctors in major public, ‎university and private hospitals. Some ‎have trained or worked in France, the United States, Australia, ‎Japan, South Korea and other ‎international systems.‎‎‎ 
  • Strong tourism infrastructure

    Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Nha Trang and Phu ‎Quoc have extensive hotel choices, ‎domestic air connections, private transport and established visitor ‎services. Recovery tourism ‎should only be added when medically appropriate.
  • Convenient for regional patients

    Vietnam is especially accessible from Cambodia, Laos ‎and other parts of Asia. Patients from ‎the US, Australia, Canada and Japan, as well as overseas ‎Vietnamese, are also a growing part ‎of the market.‎[8]‎‎

Cons‎‎

  • Quality varies significantly

    The gap between a leading international hospital and a ‎small local clinic can be substantial. A ‎national price advantage is not evidence that a particular provider ‎is safe or suitable.‎
  • Language support is not universal

    English is available in many international departments, but ‎it should not be assumed in every ‎ward, pharmacy, emergency service or follow-up clinic. Confirm ‎interpreter availability for ‎consent and clinical discussions.‎
  • International-patient coordination is still developing

    Vietnam's medical tourism infrastructure is growing but ‎remains less standardized than ‎Thailand's or Singapore's.‎ Pre-arrival case review, package definitions ‎and overseas aftercare ‎may vary between providers.‎
  • Legal recourse can be difficult

    Although compensation is available under Vietnamese ‎law, language, expert review, local ‎procedure and cross-border enforcement may make claims ‎challenging.‎
  • Long travel from North America and Europe

    Long flights increase cost and can complicate early ‎recovery. Surgery also increases the risk of ‎blood clots, and patients should never fly until cleared by ‎the treating doctor.‎‎‎
  • Continuity of care

    A patient's doctor at home may not be familiar with the ‎overseas treatment, device or ‎medication. Arrange follow-up in advance and return with complete ‎records.‎‎‎‎‎‎

Travelling to Vietnam

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Most international patients arrive through Ho Chi Minh ‎City's Tan Son Nhat International Airport, ‎Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport or Da Nang International ‎Airport.‎‎
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The times below are approximate pure flying times ‎calculated from distance and rounded to ‎the nearest half hour. They are not door-to-door journey times. ‎A connection can add several ‎hours.‎‎
Departure City Approximate Flying ‎ ‎Time to ‎Vietnam Practical Note
Los ‎ Angeles ‎16.5 hours‎ Usually ‎ one stop; some routings connect via San ‎Francisco or Asia
New ‎ York ‎‎16.5 hours‎ ‎Usually ‎ one stop
Miami ‎19.5 hours‎ Usually ‎ one or two stops
Toronto ‎15.5 hours‎ Usually ‎ one stop
‎Vancouver ‎‎13.5 hours‎ ‎Usually ‎ one stop
‎London ‎‎11.5 hours‎ ‎Nonstop ‎ service may be available to Hanoi or Ho ‎Chi Minh City
‎Berlin‎ ‎‎10.5 hours‎ ‎Usually ‎ one stop‎
‎Melbourne‎ ‎‎8.5 hours‎‎ ‎Nonstop ‎ service may be available‎
Dubai‎‎ ‎7 hours‎‎‎ Nonstop ‎ service is generally available‎‎
‎‎For surgery, ask the doctor how many days to remain near ‎the hospital, when a fit-to-fly ‎certificate can be issued, and what to do if symptoms develop after ‎discharge.‎

Visa Requirements for Vietnam

Vietnam's official electronic visa is available to citizens of ‎all countries and territories. It can be ‎issued for up to 90 days, for single or multiple entry.‎ The official ‎fee is US$25 for single entry or ‎US$50 for multiple entry, and the Immigration Department states a ‎standard processing time of ‎three working days.‎[21]‎‎ Apply only through the official ‎government e-visa portal and allow extra ‎time in case corrections are required‎.‎
‎Passport ‎Requirement for a ‎ typical medical ‎visit
United ‎ States‎‎ Visa ‎ required. Apply for an e-visa before travel.‎
Canada Visa ‎ required. Apply for an e-visa before travel.
Australia Visa ‎ required. Apply for an e-visa before travel.‎
European ‎ Union Citizens ‎ of 18 EU countries currently receive a 45-day visa exemption; ‎‎citizens of ‎ other EU countries can apply for an e-visa.‎
United ‎ Kingdom Visa-free ‎ for up to 45 days under the current unilateral exemption; use ‎an ‎e-visa for a ‎ longer stay.‎
The 18 EU countries currently covered by the 45-day ‎exemption are Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, ‎the Czech Republic,‎ Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, ‎Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the ‎Netherlands,‎ Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. ‎The 2025 expansion is ‎scheduled to remain in effect until 14 August ‎‎2028.[22]‎‎
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There is no separate medical tourist visa for a normal ‎short treatment visit. Patients who may ‎need more than 90 days should discuss sponsorship and lawful ‎visa options with the hospital ‎and Vietnamese immigration authorities before travelling. Do not assume ‎that a visa can be ‎extended after treatment begins.‎

Entry and Exit Requirements

  • Carry a passport valid for at least six months beyond arrival and with at least one blank page.[23]
  • Ensure the name, passport number, date of birth, entry point and validity on the e-visa exactly match the passport and itinerary.
  • Carry a printed and digital copy of the e-visa, hospital appointment, accommodation details, return or onward booking, insurance and essential prescriptions.
  • Foreign passengers arriving by air should review Vietnam's online pre-arrival declaration requirement. During the 2026 rollout, travellers have been instructed to complete the declaration no earlier than three days before arrival, particularly when entering through Tan Son Nhat Airport. Check the official Immigration Department portal shortly before departure.[21][23]
  • Declare currency where required. Travellers should check current customs thresholds before arrival and departure.
  • If travelling with controlled medication, carry it in original packaging with a prescription and doctor letter. Check legality in Vietnam before departure.
Visa and entry rules can change. Verify them with the ‎Vietnam Immigration Department and ‎the airline before booking a non-refundable journey.‎

Statistics of Medical Tourism in ‎Vietnam

Vietnam does not publish a consistent year-by-year series ‎that cleanly separates medical ‎tourists from expatriates,‎ overseas Vietnamese and other foreign ‎patients. The best available ‎national figure should therefore be used with caution.‎
‎‎‎‎ ‎‎
The Ministry of Health estimates that about ‎300,000 ‎people from abroad come to Vietnam ‎each year for medical examination‎ and treatment.[7] More recent ‎‎2026 reporting describes ‎more than 50,000 of these patients as requiring inpatient treatment, with over ‎‎40% of foreign ‎patients choosing Ho Chi Minh City.[8]‎
‎‎‎‎ ‎‎
Patients from Cambodia and Laos remain important, ‎particularly for specialist and complex ‎care. Hospitals and tourism authorities also report growth from ‎the United States, Australia, ‎Canada and Japan, together with overseas Vietnamese ‎communities.[8]
Indicator Best available ‎ ‎figure Important ‎ limitation
People ‎ arriving from ‎abroad for examination or ‎treatment About 300,000 per ‎year Includes ‎ more than strict, trip-purpose medical ‎tourists
Inpatient ‎ cases More than 50,000 ‎per year National ‎ reporting is incomplete
Share ‎ choosing Ho Chi ‎Minh City More than 40%‎ Based ‎ on reported foreign-patient flows
Main ‎ established source ‎markets Cambodia, Laos ‎and overseas ‎Vietnamese Growing ‎ demand is also reported from the US, ‎Australia, Canada and ‎Japan
‎‎Vietnam's medical travel market is growing,‎ but statistics ‎from hospitals, tourism agencies and ‎commercial reports are not always directly comparable. Figures ‎should not be presented as a ‎precise medical tourist count without defining who is ‎included.‎ ‎

Before You Book Treatment in ‎Vietnam

  • Confirm the diagnosis. Obtain an ‎independent medical opinion and send complete records ‎before accepting a treatment plan.‎
  • Verify the exact facility. Check its ‎operating licence and the current scope and expiry of any ‎JCI or specialty accreditation.‎‎
  • Verify the doctor. Review the doctor's ‎licence, specialist training, recent case volume and ‎experience with your exact procedure.‎‎‎
  • Compare written plans. Compare at least ‎two hospitals on clinical approach, safety, price, inclusions and follow-up - not ‎price alone.‎‎‎‎
  • Plan for complications. Ask which hospital ‎and doctor will manage an emergency, what additional care could cost and ‎whether intensive care is ‎available.‎
  • Arrange aftercare at home. Confirm who ‎will remove sutures,‎ review pathology, monitor medication, provide rehabilitation ‎or manage a device ‎after return.‎
  • Protect the trip. Check visa validity, ‎cancellation terms,‎ medical-complications insurance and the doctor's fit-to-‎fly advice.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is medical treatment in Vietnam ‎safe?‎
Vietnam has reputable, internationally accredited hospitals ‎and experienced specialists, but quality varies. Safety depends on the exact hospital, doctor, ‎procedure, infection-control system and aftercare plan. Accreditation is useful evidence, not a guarantee ‎of an individual result.
‎‎‎‎‎
How much can I save on treatment in ‎Vietnam?‎‎‎
For common medical tourism procedures,‎ indicative ‎savings are often around 40%-70% ‎compared with US private or‎ self-pay prices and 25%-55% ‎compared with UK private prices. ‎The final saving‎ depends on the treatment scope, imported devices, ‎hospital level, travel and ‎recovery costs.‎
‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎
Do hospitals in Vietnam speak ‎English?
Major international hospitals usually provide English-‎language coordination and interpreters. ‎English should not be assumed in every public hospital, ward or ‎outside pharmacy. Confirm ‎language support in writing.‎
‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎
How long should I stay in Vietnam after ‎treatment?‎
The period depends on the procedure and the risk of ‎complications. Dental work or health ‎screening may take a few days,‎ while major surgery may require ‎several weeks before long-‎haul travel. Follow the treating doctor's fit-to-fly advice.‎
‎‎‎‎‎ ‎‎
Can my normal travel insurance cover ‎planned treatment?
Usually not. Standard travel insurance often excludes ‎planned treatment and may also exclude ‎related complications.‎ Ask specifically about medical travel or ‎complications coverage and ‎obtain written confirmation.
‎‎‎‎‎

Information Sources

[1] American International Hospital, reporting information from Vietnam's Ministry of Health Department of Medical Service Administration, "Ministry of Health Recognizes the International Quality Standards of the U.S. Joint Commission International (JCI)," 21 January 2026.
[2] Vinmec, "Quality Management – Vietnam Quality Criteria."
[3] Vinmec, "Vinmec Times City Achieves JCI Certification for the Fourth Time," 13 January 2025.
[4] Vinmec, "Medical Tourism."
[5] FV Hospital, "FV Hospital Achieves Fourth Consecutive JCI Accreditation," 13 May 2025.
[6] American International Hospital, "AIH Receives the Second JCI Gold Seal of Approval," 5 November 2025.
[7] Vietnam News, "Vietnamese Healthcare Facilities Attract Foreign Patients," 27 May 2024.
[8] Vietnam News, "Vietnam's Medical Tourism Services Eye Nearly $4bn in Revenue by 2033," 16 April 2026.
[9] Hanoi French Hospital, "Health Check – Price of Service Packages."
[10] Elite Dental, "Dental Implant Pricelist."
[11] Docosan, "Best IVF Clinics in Ho Chi Minh City for Foreign Patients," 30 August 2025.
[12] FV Hospital, "Receive Safe and Cost-Effective Vision Correction," 14 November 2023.
[13] Medical Tourism Corporation, "Knee Replacement in Vietnam: Costs, Benefits, Hospitals and Recovery," 12 March 2025.
[14] MedicalTourism.vn, "Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) in Vietnam," 9 April 2026.
[15] Gangwhoo Cosmetic Hospital, "Price List of Services."
[16] Nuffield Health, "Knee Replacement Surgery – Guide Price."
[17] UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, "In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)."
[18] Bupa Dental Care, "Cost of Dental Implants."
[19] CCRM Fertility, "IVF Cost Breakdown," and Sidecar Health, "Knee Replacement Surgery Cost by State."
[20] Vietnam Law No. 15/2023/QH15 on Medical Examination and Treatment, including Articles 102 and 103.
[21] Vietnam Immigration Department, National Electronic Visa System.
[22] Vietnam National Authority of Tourism, "New Visa Exemption Policies Effective from 15 August 2025."
[23] US Department of State, "Vietnam Travel Advisory – Entry and Exit Requirements."
[24] Wise, historical exchange rates for USD/VND and GBP/USD, 25 July 2026.
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